More than three weeks before Sen. Joe Biden, D-Del., and Gov. Sarah
Palin, R-Alaska, were set to meet in St. Louis for their Oct. 2 vice
presidential debate, Biden was already predicting a messy fight.
“She’s going to make it as personal as she can. She’s going to take a
lot of straight lefts and jabs at me, she’s going to try to get me to
respond in a personal way,” Biden told a Chicago audience. “That’s not
my style. I’m not going to do it.”
Throughout September, staffers and allies were prepping candidates for
the three presidential debates and the one VP debate that could
produce the decisive moments within a tight struggle. Biden, for
example, tapped Michigan Gov. Jennifer Granholm to stand in for Palin
during debate rehearsals. Despite sharp ideological differences with
Palin, Granholm bears some similarities to the candidate: She is a 49
-year-old governor with three children. (Palin, 44, is a first-term
governor with five children.)
Considering Biden’s 30 years in the Senate, and previous presidential
runs, Palin faces a formidable match. Saint Louis University political
scientist Ken Warren compared the contest to another epic battle: “The
vice presidential debate will attract a lot of interest because of
David, so to speak, going up against Goliath.”
In the center ring, Sen. Barack Obama, D-Ill., and Sen. John McCain,
R-Ariz., are facing the weightiest political bouts of their careers as
well: three televised debates on Sept. 26, Oct. 7, and Oct. 15. As the
debates unfold before an estimated 70 million viewers (more than any
other televised event outside the Super Bowl), how will the candidates
spar? What should viewers look for, and how will they know who wins?
And what does a candidate’s debate performance say about the kind of
leader he or she might be?
For those with ringside seats or living room views, here’s a guide to
the matches of the year.
Television viewers watched presidential candidates slug it out live
for the first time in September 1960, when Vice President Richard
Nixon and Sen. John F. Kennedy met for the first of four televised
contests dubbed the “Great Debates.”
The Kennedy/Nixon match-ups revealed at least one thing about
televised contests: image matters. Nixon, who appeared pale and
slightly unshaven, was also recovering from a knee injury that left
him fatigued and thin. Kennedy, who had spent the first two weeks of
September campaigning in California, appeared tan and fit.
Many who heard the first debate on the radio declared Nixon the
winner. But by the end of the fourth televised contest, Kennedy’s
visual style and political substance delivered a one-two punch that
Nixon couldn’t match. Kennedy and others later attributed his narrow
victory in November partly to his debate performance in September.
Americans wouldn’t see another televised debate until 1976, when
President Gerald Ford challenged Democratic candidate Jimmy Carter to
a contest that became famous for a Ford blunder: The president was
panned for quizzically declaring that the Soviet Union didn’t dominate
eastern Europe. Ford’s mistake revealed another axiom of televised
debates: one-liners matter. Subsequent debates would confirm that a
single comment could define a candidate—for better or worse.
In the 1984 presidential debates, President Ronald Reagan cleverly
squashed concerns over his age (compared with his younger Democratic
opponent Walter Mondale) by quipping: “I am not going to exploit, for
political purposes, my opponent’s youth and inexperience.”
When vice presidential candidate Sen. Dan Quayle loosely compared
himself to Sen. John Kennedy in the 1988 debates, his opponent,
Democratic Sen. Lloyd Bentsen, delivered a devastating comeback:
“Senator, you’re no Jack Kennedy.” Quayle and Vice President George
H.W. Bush easily won in November, but Quayle fought credibility
questions for the next four years.
Other debates proved that subtle cues matter: President George H.W.
Bush ignited a firestorm when he glanced at his watch during a debate
with Democratic candidate Bill Clinton in 1992. Bush battled the
perception that he was bored.
Vice President Al Gore’s public perception suffered after a debate
against George W. Bush in 2000 where Gore sighed loudly during Bush’s
remarks and aggressively stepped into his opponent’s space. Campaigns
took note: Manners matter too.
These days, campaigns spend months focusing on rehearsing a litany of
possible questions with candidates, all while poring over the lessons
of the past.
Debate organizers at the Commission on Presidential Debates have been
planning this year’s contests for nearly two years. The nonpartisan,
nonprofit organization has managed general election presidential
debates since 1987, determining the site and format for each contest.
Negotiating teams from each candidate’s camp met to hammer out final
details ahead of the debates. In mid-September, representatives from
the Obama and McCain camps agreed to switch the topic of the first
debate to foreign policy and national security, sending hosts at the
University of Mississippi scrambling to adjust preparations. (Neither
side revealed the reasons for the change, but both sides likely gained
something they wanted in the deal.)
When the dust settled, so did the final schedule: The candidates would
debate foreign policy and national security on Sept. 26 at Ole Miss in
Oxford, Miss. The vice presidential candidates meet on Oct. 2 at
Washington University in St. Louis to debate foreign and domestic
topics. The second presidential debate comes in a town hall format on
Oct. 7 at Belmont University in Nashville, and the final round takes
place on Oct. 15 at Hofstra University in Hempstead, N.Y., where Obama
and McCain will debate domestic issues.
Each debate will last 90 minutes (with no commercials) and feature a
single moderator, who will introduce a question and allow each
candidate to answer. The moderator will follow up over the next 10
minutes in a conversational style, allowing the candidates to interact
with each other.
There’s one formatting exception: the town hall debate. This event
will feature a group of some 120 undecided voters enlisted by the
Gallup Organization using telephone screening a few days before the
debate. The participants will bring at least two questions they’d like
to ask the candidates. The moderator will review the questions to
cover the widest possible range of topics, but will not change the
voters’ wording.
With dozens of undecided voters asking virtually anything they want,
this night promises to be one of the most revealing for viewers, and
most challenging for candidates.
The enormous task of presiding over a fair fight falls to four lone
moderators chosen by the commission.
Jim Lehrer, a 30-year veteran of television news and anchor of PBS’
The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer, will host the first debate. Lehrer has
been called “America’s moderator” for good reason: During the last
five presidential elections, the longtime journalist and author of 18
novels has moderated 10 of the nationally televised debates.
What makes Lehrer such a popular choice? “He gets out of the way,”
says Alan Schroeder, a journalism professor at Northeastern University
in Boston. “You don’t want a moderator who thinks the debate is about
him.”
Schroeder, author of Presidential Debates: 50 Years of High-Risk TV,
told WORLD that well-informed, low-key moderators work best in general
election debates when viewers need to focus on the candidates and the
issues. He thinks the remaining three moderators are good picks: NBC’s
Tom Brokaw, Face the Nation host Bob Schieffer, and Washington Week
host Gwen Ifill, who will moderate the vice presidential debates.
Schroeder says television journalists are logical choices because of
their familiarity and ease with the medium: “For all these
moderators—as well as for the candidates—these are the
largest audiences they will ever face in their entire careers. You
can’t be nervous.”
When the cameras finally go live on debate night, it’s hard to imagine
the contenders won’t fight nerves. For both McCain and Obama, the
debates are the culmination of more than 18 months of relentless
campaigning. For McCain, it’s a pinnacle he’s tried to reach for eight
years.
Each candidate will have a different task: Obama will aim to convince
voters he’s experienced enough to handle the presidency and that
McCain represents an extension of the Bush administration. McCain will
aim to convince voters that his policy plans are different than Bush’s
and better than Obama’s.
In order to succeed, both candidates will need to bring the same
thing: mastery of the issues. With no low-brow campaign ads or
accusatory press releases for at least 90 minutes, the debates will
test the candidates’ grasp of the issues and the validity of their
proposals. “You can’t fake it,” says Schroeder.
Just days after the stock market took its deepest plunge since 9/11,
viewers will listen for concrete answers to growing economic problems,
and moderators will press candidates beyond their usual talking points
on the economy and a range of issues. Schroeder says voters should pay
attention to whether candidates are giving thoughtful answers: “I
think it’s a little disrespectful to the audience to just give the
same old sound bites they’ve been giving all along.”
Rosanna Perotti, chair of the political science department at Hofstra
University, site of the final debate, told WORLD that viewers should
also pay attention to how the candidates carry themselves for clues
about their leadership skills: Are they thinking critically? Are they
making good judgments? Do they handle pressure well? “Citizens are
looking for someone who exhibits the qualities necessary to be a good
president,” she said.
On Oct. 7, viewers will apply those same questions to the vice
presidential debates, a contest that may be watched by as many viewers
as the presidential events. Though vice presidential debates have
played a less significant role in the past, Palin’s dark horse entry
may draw more viewers than usual. (Her speech at the Republican
National Convention drew more television viewers than Obama’s address
at the Democratic convention.)
Schroeder says viewers will tune in with one major question in mind:
How will Palin perform? Given the governor’s brief time in the
national spotlight so far, predictions are difficult to make. “Maybe
it’s a smart strategy to save it all up for the debate,” says
Schroeder. “But it really puts a lot of pressure on her to come
through with the goods on debate night.”
Biden faces pressure, too, as he debates a woman who is highly popular
within her party and beyond. George H.W. Bush faced criticism in 1984
for appearing to patronize Geraldine Ferraro in the vice presidential
debates. “I don’t think Biden is going to fall into the same trap, but
he’s still in fairly uncharted territory,” says Schroeder.
As each of the four candidates faces a piece of uncharted territory in
the final rounds of the elections, Perotti says she hopes viewers will
rely on a well-worn path: “I hope people actually listen to what
they’re saying.”
First-ever televised debates. Vice President Richard Nixon, recovering
from a serious knee injury, looks pale and thin. Sen. John F. Kennedy
looks fit and tan. Radio listeners declare Nixon winner. Television
viewers favor Kennedy. Kennedy wins election by narrow margin.
President Gerald Ford debates Democratic candidate Jimmy Carter.
Electrical power fails during live debate. The candidates stand on the
Philadelphia stage in silence for 27 minutes.
Independent candidate Ross Perot debates George H.W. Bush and Bill
Clinton. Perot is the only third-party candidate ever allowed in
nationally televised, general election debate.
Sen. Barack Obama becomes first African American in a general election
debate. Gov. Sarah Palin becomes second woman to participate. —
Gwen ifill pbs’s obama lois romano
October 1, 2008Don’t want to miss out on the latest in politics? Start each day with
The Post Politics Hour. Join in each weekday morning at 11 a.m. as a
member of The Washington Post’s team of White House and Congressional
reporters answers questions about the latest in buzz in Washington and
The Post’s coverage of political news.
Washington Post national political reporter Lois Romano was online
live Tuesday, Sept. 23 at 11 a.m. ET to discuss the latest news in
politics.
St. Paul, Minn.: Hi Lois. It seems like the hoopla surrounding Sarah
Palin has died down somewhat, along with the Monday morning
quarterbacking that Obama should have gone with Hillary … but where
is Joe Biden? Is there a sense that he’s proving to be an effective
surrogate for Obama, or is he merely fulfilling the “do no harm”
requirement, despite his occasional odd comments (i.e. criticizing ads
from his own party)?
washingtonpost.com: See the ad at The Post’s new r, a rundown of the
biggest and best stories of the day from across the Web.
Lois Romano: Biden actually is campaigning very hard across the
country, focusing his energy on working-class communities that Obama
has trouble connecting with. You may not read about him, but he is
getting ample coverage from the local press where he travels. There
certainly was some panic among Democrats when Palin was named, but
there was never any serious consideration to Obama replacing Biden.
San Diego: What is the schedule for the vice presidential and
presidential debates (i.e. dates, times, TV channels)?
washingtonpost.com: All debates start at 9 p.m. ET. Presidential:
Sept. 26, moderated by Jim Lehrer of PBS; Oct. 7, moderated by Tom
Brokaw of NBC; Oct. 15, moderated by Bob Schieffer of CBS. Vice
presidential: Oct. 2, moderated by Gwen Ifill of PBS.
Re: Dire Consequences: The Post has a headline above the fold which
says the administration warns of “dire consequences” if its $700
billion financial solution is not adopted. Didn’t it use many of the
same words to roll us over to accepting the invasion of Iraq? Do these
words and scare tactic fall into the “fool me once, shame on you; fool
me twice, shame on me” department?
Lois Romano: It’s because of Iraq that you see lawmakers take a closer
look at this package in the light of day. Everyone seems to agree on
some level that it’s needed, but to what extent the public must pick
up the tab for Wall Street and corporations — while their executives
get great golden parachutes — is being hotly debated.
Dunn Loring, Va.: With Obama criticizing Biden’s position on the AIG
bailout and with Biden criticizing the Obama ad making fun of McCain’s
inability to use a computer, is there even more talk now of Biden
being removed from the vice presidential slot? Is this harping on your
running mate indicative of what an Obama administration will look
like?
Lois Romano: I don’t think we can read too much into it at this point.
They were in different locations and it was a fast-moving event, so
there wasn’t much time to formulate an official campaign policy. I
doubt you will see too much more of that moving forward.
Waterville, Maine: Good morning. Joe Biden’s comment to Katie Couric
that an Obama-Biden campaign ad ridiculing McCain’s computer skills,
among other things, was “terrible” appears like the kind of gaffe that
McCain’s team will seize on to say Obama is not a new kind of
politician — even his vice presidential pick is disgusted (or
something along those lines). I can imagine that ads are being created
as we speak. Two questions: How is the Obama camp — which has been
very disciplined — going to deal with Biden’s off-message remarks?
And do you think this has legs, or will the financial industry bailout
drown out this impolitic statement as noise?
Lois Romano: The ad seems to have backfired on the Democrats. In
addition to it being perceived as simply silly, some blogs are writing
that McCain can’t use a computer because of the injuries he sustained
in Vietnam. Dan Pfeiffer an Obama spokesman explained the ad, saying
cyber-security is “one of our most serious national security threats.”
It didn’t come off in a way that showed “security” to be the issue.
This being said, the McCain campaign has been throwing some very tough
stuff at Obama in ads. It’s a pretty tough race.
Orono, Maine: The talk of my office the other day was George Will’s
comments Sunday about John McCain’s temperament. Now he’s put those
thoughts into print and the column will be in our local paper
tomorrow. Do you think having a conservative criticize McCain will
have an impact on moderate and conservative voters?
Lois Romano: Not particularly. Conservative voters long have been wary
of McCain and his temper long has been an issue.
Washington: Good morning. I was asked an interesting question
yesterday and was hoping you might know the answer: What happens if a
candidate has to drop out after they’ve been nominated? I’m not saying
either candidate will/should, but it was a hypothetical, and I
couldn’t answer. Does the vice presidential pick automatically take up
the mantle? Does the party hold an emergency meeting and pick a new
candidate based on who got the second-most delegates? Are the rules
the same for both parties? Just wondering.
Lois Romano: The only time this has happened is recent political
history was when George McGovern dropped Thomas Eagleton from the
ticket in 1972, and gave the vice presidential slot to Sargent Shriver
after the convention. I believe what happened is that the Democrats
then staged what amounted to a mini-nominating convention in
Washington for Sargent.
Salinas, Calif.: Hi Lois. It appears to me that Barak Obama has
surrendered his high ground campaign of hope and leadership for the
trench warfare that John McCain’s advisors have calculated will get
them the win (perhaps the only way). Barring a huge Election Day
turnout of first-time Democratic and independent voters (the vaunted
“ground game”) and a dominating Obama presence in the debate
crapshoot, doesn’t daily “news” of battleground states leave Democrats
with a queasy feeling, a bad deja vu?
Lois Romano: It’s a very tough race. One demographic you didn’t
mention was young voters. Obama did a good job mobilizing them for the
primaries; he needs them to vote this time in droves.
Albany, N.Y.: In the world of the pundits, Obama and Biden not walking
in lockstep is a major faux pas, but in the rest of the country, it is
more likely a sign of two men speaking candidly — rarely a bad thing.
Massillon, Ohio: In answer to the apparent disappearance of Joe Biden,
he was in our area last week, and had big crowds in Wooster and
Canton. The local newspapers all had extensive coverage and the
television stations in Cleveland covered it. People in this area are
much more likely to trust the coverage of our local media than you
MSM-ers.
Dunn Loring, Va.: How smart is Biden really? I know he likes to brag
about his intelligence, but then he tells Katie Couric that “when the
stock market crashed, Franklin Roosevelt got on the television and
didn’t just talk about the princes of greed.” Does Biden not realize
that TV wasn’t commercially available in 1929, and that FDR didn’t
take office until 1933?
Raleigh, N.C.: Good morning. The McCain campaign, in its public face,
comes across as angry a lot of the time. Are they that way on a
personal level?
Lois Romano: No, not really. There are many decent people working
there who believe in McCain. I think what you’re seeing now is their
attack on the media, which the media then covers — so it seems as if
they are angry all the time.
Richmond, Va.: Former President Clinton’s appearance on “The View” the
other day has been well reviewed across the board, with his admission
that his administration made mistakes and that both parties were to
blame. While some folks have said this is him being upfront and
bipartisan, am I wrong to think that it’s another attempt to screw
over Obama and take another potentially harmful issue for the GOP off
the table?
Lois Romano: To the contrary, he looks open and conciliatory. And that
is a welcomed change from the primaries.
Brookline, Mass.: If the McCain campaign says it doesn’t care about
the media “filter,” why go on such an unhinged tirade against the
Times?
Lois Romano: They care. A critical part of their strategy is to attack
the media — it fires up their base, which hates the media.
Lois Romano: Thank you all for joining me today. I have to sign out a
few minutes early to attend a press conference. These are very
exciting times — check in with us early and often.
Editor’s Note: washingtonpost.com moderators retain editorial control
over Discussions and choose the most relevant questions for guests and
hosts; guests and hosts can decline to answer questions.
washingtonpost.com is not responsible for any content posted by third
parties.
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